A major goal of evolutionary genetics is to understand the genetic processes that give rise to
phenotypic diversity in multicellular organisms. Alternative splicing generates multiple …

Observational epidemiological studies are prone to confounding, reverse causation and
various biases and have generated findings that have proved to be unreliable indicators of …

The evolution of gene expression in mammalian organ development remains largely
uncharacterized. Here we report the transcriptomes of seven organs (cerebrum, cerebellum …

Divergence of gene function is a hallmark of evolution, but assessing functional divergence
over deep time is not trivial. The few alleles available for cross-species studies often fail to …

The testis produces gametes through spermatogenesis and evolves rapidly at both the
morphological and molecular level in mammals,,,,–, probably owing to the evolutionary …

The central insight of Darwin's Origin of Species is that evolution is an ecological
phenomenon, arising from the activities of organisms in the'struggle for life'. By contrast, the …

Adaptation by natural selection depends on the rates, effects and interactions of many
mutations, making it difficult to determine what proportion of mutations in an evolving lineage …

The evolution of phenotypic similarities between species, known as convergence, illustrates
that populations can respond predictably to ecological challenges. Convergence often …

An obstacle to the use of graphene as an alternative to silicon electronics has been the
absence of an energy gap between its conduction and valence bands, which makes it …

Marine stickleback fish have colonized and adapted to thousands of streams and lakes
formed since the last ice age, providing an exceptional opportunity to characterize genomic …