The endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria during eukaryogenesis has long been viewed as
an adaptive response to the oxygenation of Earth's surface environment, presuming a …

Many groups of closely related species have reticulate phylogenies. Recent genomic
analyses are showing this in many insects and vertebrates, as well as in microbes and …

Charles Darwin changed the course of scientific thinking by showing how evolution
accounts for the stunning diversity and biological complexity of life on earth. Recently, there …

Major insights into the phylogenetic distribution, biochemistry, and evolutionary significance
of organelles involved in ATP synthesis (energy metabolism) in eukaryotes that thrive in …

All complex life is composed of eukaryotic (nucleated) cells. The eukaryotic cell arose from
prokaryotes just once in four billion years, and otherwise prokaryotes show no tendency to …

Hybridization between species is commonplace in plants, but is often seen as unnatural and
unusual in animals. Here, I survey studies of natural interspecific hybridization in plants and …

Game theory is central to understanding human behavior and relevant to all of the
behavioral sciences—from biology and economics, to anthropology and political science …

Uncovers the Key Role Microbes Play in the Transformation of Oxidizable and Reducible
MineralsMany areas of geomicrobial processes are receiving serious attention from …

Bacterial genomes are remarkably stable from one generation to the next but are plastic on
an evolutionary time scale, substantially shaped by horizontal gene transfer, genome …

As more complete genomes are sequenced, phylogenetic analysis is entering a new era—
that of phylogenomics. One branch of this expanding field aims to reconstruct the …