Gauge fields are central in our modern understanding of physics at all scales. At the highest
energy scales known, the microscopic universe is governed by particles interacting with …

Substantial leaps in the understanding of quantum systems have been driven by exploring
geometry, topology, dimensionality and interactions in ultracold atomic ensembles,,,,–. A …

Abstract Spin–orbit (SO) coupling—the interaction between a quantum particle's spin and its
momentum—is ubiquitous in physical systems. In condensed matter systems, SO coupling is …

We have observed the Bose-Einstein condensation of an atomic gas in the (quasi) uniform
three-dimensional potential of an optical box trap. Condensation is seen in the bimodal …

Bringing ultracold atomic gases into the quantum Hall regime is challenging. We engineered
an effective magnetic field in a two-dimensional lattice with an elongated-strip geometry …

Neutral atomic Bose condensates and degenerate Fermi gases have been used to realize
important many-body phenomena in their most simple and essential forms,,, without many of …

Adding energy to a system through transient stirring usually leads to more disorder. In
contrast, point-like vortices in a bounded two-dimensional fluid are predicted to reorder …

Electromagnetism is a simple example of a gauge theory where the underlying potentials
(the vector and scalar potentials) are defined only up to a gauge choice. The vector potential …

We create supercurrents in annular two-dimensional Bose gases through a temperature
quench of the normal-to-superfluid phase transition. We detect the magnitude and the …

We report the formation of a dual-species Bose-Einstein condensate of Rb 87 and Cs 133 in
the same trap** potential. Our method exploits the efficient sympathetic cooling of Cs 133 …