A spinal cord injury disrupts communication between the brain and the circuits in the spinal
cord that regulate neurological functions. The consequences are permanent paralysis, loss …

The vertebrate control of locomotion involves all levels of the nervous system from cortex to
the spinal cord. Here, we aim to cover all main aspects of this complex behavior, from the …

Locomotion is a universal motor behavior that is expressed as the output of many integrated
brain functions. Locomotion is organized at several levels of the nervous system, with …

Unravelling the functional operation of neuronal networks and linking cellular activity to
specific behavioural outcomes are among the biggest challenges in neuroscience. In this …

Locomotion in mammals relies on a central pattern-generating circuitry of spinal
interneurons established during development that coordinates limb movement. These …

The neural circuits governing vital behaviors, such as respiration and locomotion, are
comprised of discrete neuronal populations residing within the brainstem and spinal cord …

Neurobiologists have long sought to understand how circuits in the nervous system are
organized to generate the precise neural outputs that underlie particular behaviours. The …

All forms of locomotion are repetitive motor activities that require coordinated bilateral
activation of muscles. The executive elements of locomotor control are networks of spinal …

In 1900, Ramón y Cajal advanced the neuron doctrine, defining the neuron as the
fundamental signaling unit of the nervous system. Over a century later, neurobiologists …

Intrinsic spinal networks, known as central pattern generators (CPGs), control the timing and
pattern of the muscle activity underlying locomotion in mammals. This review discusses new …