Indoor vertical farming (IVF) has expanded exponentially over the last couple of years and is
expected to have a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 25.9% from 2022 to 2029. IVF …

The rapidly growing population and increasing urbanization have created the need to
produce more food and transport it safely to urban areas where the majority of global …

Research on closed plant production systems, such as artificially illuminated and highly
insulated plant factories, has offered perspectives for urban food production but more insight …

Abstract The Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that more than 800 million people
engage in urban agriculture producing more than 15% of the world's food. Recently, there …

The trend to localise food production promises reduced reliance on increasingly uncertain
global supply chains. Controlled-environment agriculture, in particular indoor vertical …

The recent increased market demand for locally grown produce is generating interest in the
application of techniques developed for controlled environment agriculture (CEA) to urban …

Emission-free closed-field crop cultivation at a commercial scale necessitates microclimate
evaluation for embracing the production uncertainties and maximizing the returns. This …

Vertical farms have expanded rapidly in urban areas to support food system resilience.
However, many of these systems source a substantial share of their material and energy …

As demand for food production continues to rise, it is clear that in order to meet the
challenges of the future in terms of food security and environmental sustainability, radical …

Abstract Plant factories (PFs), multi-layer production in opaque warehouses, are novel
production systems with many potential benefits and some key impediments, notably …