High-energy cosmic rays are observed indirectly by detecting the extensive air showers
initiated in Earth's atmosphere. The interpretation of these observations relies on accurate …

The diffusion of heavy quarks through the quark–gluon plasma (QGP) as produced in high-
energy heavy-ion collisions has long been recognized as an excellent probe of its transport …

At sufficiently high temperature and energy density, nuclear matter undergoes a transition to
a phase in which quarks and gluons are not confined: the quark–gluon plasma (QGP). Such …

This manual describes the Pythia event generator, the most recent version of an evolving
physics tool used to answer fundamental questions in particle physics. The program is most …

A bstract We present a new model for building up complete exclusive hadronic final states in
high energy nucleus collisions. It is a direct extrapolation of high energy pp collisions (as …

Recent measurements of charm-hadron production in proton-proton collisions at the LHC
have found a surprisingly large baryon to meson ratio. We propose that this observation can …

This paper presents the measurements of\(\pi^{\pm}\),\(\mathrm {K}^{\pm}\),\(\text {p}\)
and\(\overline {\mathrm {p}}\) transverse momentum (\(p_ {\text {T}}\)) spectra as a function of …

The pseudorapidity (η) and transverse-momentum (p T) distributions of charged particles
produced in proton–proton collisions are measured at the centre-of-mass energy s= 13 TeV …

The ultrarelativistic heavy-ion programs at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large
Hadron Collider have entered an era of quantitative analysis of quantum chromodynamics …

The striking similarities that have been observed between high-multiplicity proton-proton
(pp) collisions and heavy-ion collisions can be explored through multiplicity-differential …