The complexity, diversity, and heterogeneity of tumors seriously undermine the therapeutic
potential of treatment. Therefore, the current trend in clinical research has gradually shifted …

The reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mechanism is the major cause underlying the
efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). The PDT procedure is based on the cascade of …

Luminescence-based techniques continue to attract considerable attention due not only to
their current range of applications but also to their wide potential in the fields of optical …

Cancer accounted for 7.6 million deaths (around 13% of all deaths) worldwide in 2008.(1)
Almost 13 million cancer cases are newly diagnosed every year, and deaths are projected to …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been applied to treat a wide range of medical conditions,
including wet age-related macular degeneration psoriasis, atherosclerosis, viral infection …

Theranostics is a concept of integrating imaging and therapy into a single platform for use in
the next generation of personalized medicine to meet the challenges in modern health …

Nanoparticles are generally defined as any particulate material for which at least one
dimension lies in the range of 1− 100 nm. 1− 3 They can exist in various shapes, such as …

In 2004, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released an important report entitled
“Innovation/Stagnation: Challenge and Opportunity on the Critical Path to New Medical …

Lanthanides refer to the 15 elements located at the sixth period and IIIB group in the periodic
table, ranging from lanthanum to lutetium, with the electronic configuration of [Xe] 4f n–1 5d …

Luminescent materials, also called phosphors, are defined as solids that can absorb and
convert certain types of energy into radiation of light.(1) Among all kinds of phosphors, rare …