Long and temporal time-consistency rainfall time series are essential for studying climate;
nevertheless, raingauge stations are unevenly distributed across southwestern Colombia …

Agriculture 4.0 technologies continue to see low adoption among small and medium-sized
farmers, primarily because these solutions often fail to account for the specific challenges of …

The Andes mountain range divides Colombia into various climatic regions over the country,
as the Andean, Caribbean, Pacific, Amazon, and Orinoco regions. Given this scenario …

The interannual variability of hydroclimatic conditions in Northwestern South America,
especially precipitation, is mainly influenced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) …

Soil water balance is an essential element to consider for the management of droughts and
agricultural land use. It is important to evaluate the water consumption of a crop in each of its …

The Tumaco multivariate index (TMI) is a multidecadal monthly index constructed with
unique time series of sea surface temperature, surface air temperature and rain measured at …

In the Andes, the complex topography and unique latitudinal extension of the cordillera are
responsible for a wide diversity of climate gradients and contrasts. Part I of this series …

Climate change includes the change of the long-term average values and the change of the
tails of probability density functions, where the extreme events are located. However …

We investigated the influence of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on inter‐annual
precipitation variability in the far‐eastern Pacific (FEP) and northern South America (NSA) …

Surface gauge measurements have been commonly employed to analyze the precipitation's
high spatial and temporal variability. However, incomplete area coverage and deficiencies …