The thioredoxin (Trx) system, which is composed of NADPH, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR),
and thioredoxin, is a key antioxidant system in defense against oxidative stress through its …

In the ancient anaerobic environment, ferrous iron (Fe2+) was one of the first metal
cofactors. Oxygenation of the ancient world challenged bacteria to acquire the insoluble …

Some insects, such as dragonflies, have evolved nanoprotrusions on their wings that rupture
bacteria on contact. This has inspired the design of antibacterial implant surfaces with insect …

Microbes rely upon iron as a cofactor for many enzymes in their central metabolic processes.
The reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide and hydrogen peroxide react rapidly with …

More than 300 catalase sequences are now available, divided among monofunctional
catalases (> 225), bifunctional catalase-peroxidases (> 50) and manganese-containing …

Life evolved in an anaerobic world; therefore, fundamental enzymatic mechanisms and
biochemical pathways were refined and integrated into metabolism in the absence of any …

For cured meat products, nitrite is recognized for its antimicrobial effects against pathogenic
bacteria, even though the specific inhibitory mechanisms are not well known. Nitrite …

Here we studied immunological and antibacterial mechanisms of zinc oxide nanoparticles
(ZnO-NPs) against human pathogens. ZnO-NPs showed more activity against …

The accessory sigma factor σB controls a general stress response that is thought to be
important for Staphylococcus aureus survival and may contribute to virulence. The strain of …

Bacteria live in environments that are subject to rapid changes in the availability of the
nutrients that are necessary to provide energy and biosynthetic intermediates for the …