Optogenetics is widely used to interrogate the neural circuits underlying disease and has
most recently been harnessed for therapeutic applications. The optogenetic toolkit consists …

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) possess the remarkable ability to
convert multiple near-infrared (NIR) photons into higher energy ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) …

Neural circuitry is typically modulated via invasive brain implants and tethered optical fibres
in restrained animals. Here we show that wide-field illumination in the second near-infrared …

Conspectus Owing to their unique features, the past decade has witnessed rapid
developments of lanthanide-activated nanoparticles for biological applications. These …

The second near-infrared window (NIR-II window), which ranges from 1000 to 1700 nm in
wavelength, exhibits distinctive advantages of reduced light scattering and thus deep …

The recent advances of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have made them the ideal
“partner” for a variety of biological applications. In this review, we describe the emerging …

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles enable anti-Stokes emission via nonlinear
processes, where low-energy excitation photons in the near-infrared window can be …

Rare-earth (RE) doped nanoparticles show unique features of photon conversion from an
incident wavelength to a more suitable wavelength at an intended biological site, thus …

Brain diseases, including tumors and neurodegenerative disorders, are among the most
serious health problems. Non-invasively high-resolution imaging methods are required to …

Optogenetics is an optical technique that exploits visible light for selective neuromodulation
with spatio‐temporal precision. Despite enormous effort, the effective stimulation of targeted …