Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are highly versatile signalling molecules that control various
important biological processes in bacteria. The best-studied example is cyclic di-GMP (c-di …

How bacterial chemotaxis is performed is much better understood than why. Traditionally,
chemotaxis has been understood as a foraging strategy by which bacteria enhance their …

Twenty-five years have passed since the discovery of cyclic dimeric (3′→ 5′) GMP (cyclic
di-GMP or c-di-GMP). From the relative obscurity of an allosteric activator of a bacterial …

Many bacteria swim in liquid or swarm over solid surfaces by synthesizing rotary flagella.
The same bacteria that are motile also commonly form nonmotile multicellular aggregates …

Since its initial discovery as an allosteric factor regulating cellulose biosynthesis in
Gluconacetobacter xylinus, the list of functional outputs regulated by c-di-GMP has grown …

The striking multiplicity, signal input diversity, and output specificity of c-di-GMP signaling
proteins in many bacteria has brought second messenger signaling back onto the agenda of …

For an organism to survive, it must be able to sense its environment and regulate
physiological processes accordingly. Understanding how bacteria integrate signals from …

The formation of bacterial biofilms is initiated by cells transitioning from the free-swimming
mode of growth to a surface. This review is aimed at highlighting the common themes that …

The flagellum and the injectisome are two of the most complex and fascinating bacterial
nanomachines. At their core, they share a type III secretion system (T3SS), a transmembrane …

Bacteria thrive both in liquids and attached to surfaces. The concentration of bacteria on
surfaces is generally much higher than in the surrounding environment, offering bacteria …