Inflammation is a fundamental protective response that sometimes goes awry and becomes
a major cofactor in the pathogenesis of many chronic human diseases, including cancer …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane pattern recognition receptors that are best
known for their roles in innate immunity for the detection of and defense against microbial …

The innate system's recognition of non-self and danger signals is mediated by a limited
number of germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen …

What counts as an individual in the living world? What does it mean for a living thing to
remain the same through time, while constantly changing? These questions are the province …

The genetically tractable model organism Caenorhabditis elegans was first used to model
bacterial virulence in vivo a decade ago. Since then, great strides have been made in …

The vast majority of research on nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) signaling in the past 25 years has
focused on its roles in normal and disease‐related processes in vertebrates, especially mice …

Adaptive immune systems in prokaryotes and animals give rise to long-term memory
through modification of specific genomic loci, such as by insertion of foreign (viral or …

Although many properties of the innate immune system are shared among multicellular
animals, the evolutionary origin remains poorly understood. Here we characterize the innate …

We present the genome of the moon jellyfish Aurelia, a genome from a cnidarian with a
medusa life stage. Our analyses suggest that gene gain and loss in Aurelia is comparable to …

Most epithelia in animals are colonized by microbial communities. These resident microbes
influence fitness and thus ecologically important traits of their hosts, ultimately forming a …