We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Fossil pollen records are well-established indicators of past vegetation changes. The
prevalence of pollen across environmental settings including lakes, wetlands, and marine …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Abstract The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), one of the best studied palaeoclimatic intervals,
offers an excellent opportunity to investigate how the climate system responds to changes in …

The origin of the temperature divergence between Holocene proxy reconstructions and
model simulations remains controversial, but it possibly results from potential biases in the …

A comprehensive database of paleoclimate records is needed to place recent warming into
the longer-term context of natural climate variability. We present a global compilation of …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

Cooling during most of the past two millennia has been widely recognized, and has been
inferred to be the dominant global temperature trend of the past 11,700 years (the Holocene …

The Neotoma Paleoecology Database is a community-curated data resource that supports
interdisciplinary global change research by enabling broad-scale studies of taxon and …

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM,~ 21,000 years ago) has been a major focus for evaluating
how well state-of-the-art climate models simulate climate changes as large as those …