Nectar, the main floral reward for pollinators, varies greatly in composition and
concentration. The assumption that nectar quality is equivalent to its sugar (energy) …

Highlights•Bees' specific nutritional requirements are partitioned between pollen and
nectar.•Nectar and pollen provide carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and micronutrients.•Bee …

The insect gut microbiota has been shown to contribute to the host's digestion, detoxification,
development, pathogen resistance, and physiology. However, there is poor information …

The ecological function of secondary metabolites in plant defence against herbivores is well
established, but their role in plant–pollinator interactions is less obvious. Nectar is the major …

Plants attract mutualistic animals by offering a reward of nectar. Specifically, floral nectar
(FN) is produced to attract pollinators, whereas extrafloral nectar (EFN) mediates indirect …

Conservation biological control aims to enhance populations of natural enemies of insect
pests in crop habitats, typically by intentional provision of flowering plants as food resources …

It has been known for centuries that floral and extra-floral nectar secreted by plants attracts
and rewards animals. Extra-floral nectar is involved in so-called indirect defense by …

Microbial habitats that contain an excess of carbohydrate in the form of sugar are
widespread in the microbial biosphere. Depending on the type of sugar, prevailing water …

The removal of pollen by flower‐visiting insects is costly to plants, not only in terms of
production, but also via lost reproductive potential. Modern angiosperms have evolved …

The physiological dependence of animals on dietary intake of vitamins, amino acids, and
fatty acids is ubiquitous. Sharp differences in the availability of these vital dietary …