The study of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) is rapidly progressing in many aspects. Novel
BoNTs are being discovered owing to next generation sequencing, but their biologic and …

Clostridium botulinum, a polyphyletic Gram-positive taxon of bacteria, is classified purely by
their ability to produce botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). BoNT is the primary virulence factor …

Metalloenzymes are central to a wide range of essential biological activities, including
nucleic acid modification, protein degradation, and many others. The role of metalloenzymes …

More than one percent of people have epilepsy worldwide. Levetiracetam (LEV) is a
successful new-generation antiepileptic drug (AED), and its derivative, brivaracetam (BRV) …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by anaerobic bacteria of the genus
Clostridium and cause a persistent paralysis of peripheral nerve terminals, which is known …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) are the most potent toxins
known and cause botulism and tetanus, respectively. BoNTs are also widely utilized as …

Since its introduction as a treatment for strabismus, botulinum toxin (BoNT) has had a
phenomenal journey and is now recommended as first-line treatment for focal dystonia …

ObjectiveThe Working Group on Civilian Biodefense has developed consensus-based
recommendations for measures to be taken by medical and public health professionals if …

Biological toxins are a heterogeneous group produced by living organisms. One dictionary
defines them as “Chemicals produced by living organisms that have toxic properties for …

Nerve terminals are specific sites of action of a very large number of toxins produced by
many different organisms. The mechanism of action of three groups of presynaptic …