Microglia are resident cells of the brain that regulate brain development, maintenance of
neuronal networks, and injury repair. Microglia serve as brain macrophages but are distinct …

Innate immune cells play a well-documented role in the etiology and disease course of
many brain-based conditions, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, traumatic …

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function fundamentally affects the physiology of
eating. We review sex differences in the physiological and pathophysiological controls of …

Inflammatory activation of microglia is a hallmark of several disorders of the central nervous
system. In addition to protecting the brain against inflammatory insults, microglia are …

Postnatal development includes dramatic changes in gonadal hormones and the many
social behaviors they help regulate, both in rodents and humans. Parental care-seeking is …

Sexual identity and sexual orientation are independent components of a person's sexual
identity. These dimensions are most often in harmony with each other and with an …

Microglia, the resident innate immune cells in the brain, have long been understood to be
crucial to maintenance in the nervous system, by clearing debris, monitoring for infiltration of …

Puberty and adolescence are major life transitions during which an individual's physiology
and behavior changes from that of a juvenile to that of an adult. Here we review studies …

The medial preoptic area (mPOA) differs between males and females in nearly all species
examined to date, including humans. Here, using fiber photometry recordings of Ca2+ …

In recent years, a growing body of research has shown sex differences in the prevalence
and symptomatology of psychopathologies, such as depression, anxiety, and fear-related …