Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators have a wide range of key roles throughout the
nervous system. However, their dynamics in both health and disease have been challenging …

The genetically encoded fluorescent sensors convert chemical and physical signals into
light. They are powerful tools for the visualisation of physiological processes in living cells …

Dopamine (DA) plays multiple roles in a wide range of physiological and pathological
processes via a large network of dopaminergic projections. To dissect the spatiotemporal …

Genetically encoded indicators engineered from G-protein-coupled receptors are important
tools that enable high-resolution in vivo neuromodulator imaging. Here, we introduce a …

A fundamental challenge in fluorescence microscopy is the photon shot noise arising from
the inevitable stochasticity of photon detection. Noise increases measurement uncertainty …

Striatal dopamine and acetylcholine are essential for the selection and reinforcement of
motor actions and decision-making. In vitro studies have revealed an intrastriatal circuit in …

Intensiometric genetically encoded biosensors, based on allosteric modulation of the
fluorescence of a single fluorescent protein, are powerful tools for enabling imaging of …

Social behaviors are among the most important motivated behaviors. How dopamine (DA),
a" reward" signal, releases during social behaviors has been a topic of interest for decades …

External rewards such as food and money are potent modifiers of behaviour,. Pioneering
studies established that these salient sensory stimuli briefly interrupt the tonic discharge of …

Oxytocin (OT), a peptide hormone and neuromodulator, is involved in diverse physiological
and pathophysiological processes in the central nervous system and the periphery …