Ecotourism originated in the 1980s, at the dawn of sustainable development, as a way to
channel tourism revenues into conservation and development. Despite the “win-win” idea …

Tourism is a large, diffuse global industry. Environmental aspects are little studied, with∼
1,500 publications in total. Impacts range from global contributions to climate change and …

Almost all organisms live in environments that have been altered, to some degree, by
human activities. Because behaviour mediates interactions between an individual and its …

Studies evaluating effects of human activity on wildlife typically emphasize short‐term
behavioral responses from which it is difficult to infer biological significance or formulate …

Studies on the effects of anthropogenic activity on wildlife aim to provide a sound scientific
basis for management. However, misinterpretation of the theoretical basis for these studies …

Nature based recreation such as wildlife viewing, hiking, running, cycling, canoeing, horse
riding and dog walking can have negative environmental effects. A review of the recreation …

Urbanization is increasing across the globe and there is growing interest in urban ecology
and a recognition that developed areas may be important for conservation. We review the …

Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale
displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could …

1. Global-scale environmental degradation and its links with non-renewable fossil fuels have
led to an increasing interest in generating electricity from renewable energy resources …

Ecotourism is a useful concept, but not a very well defined one. It has been debated in
theory and attempted in practice for nearly two decades. Its key goal is to reduce the net …