Background Many lower-limb exoskeletons have been developed to assist gait, exhibiting a
large range of control methods. The goal of this paper is to review and classify these control …

Lower limb rehabilitation exoskeleton robots integrate sensing, control, and other
technologies and exhibit the characteristics of bionics, robotics, information and control …

A spinal cord injury interrupts the communication between the brain and the region of the
spinal cord that produces walking, leading to paralysis 1, 2. Here, we restored this …

Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) can face decades with permanent disabilities.
Advances in clinical management have decreased morbidity and improved outcomes, but …

Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) combine methods, approaches, and concepts derived from
neurophysiology, computer science, and engineering in an effort to establish real-time …

Background Approximately 20% of traumatic cervical spinal cord injuries result in
tetraplegia. Neuroprosthetics are being developed to manage this condition and thus …

Objective. Processing strategies are analyzed with respect to the classification of
electroencephalographic signals related to brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) based on motor …

The development of brain–computer interface-controlled exoskeletons promises new
treatment strategies for neurorehabilitation after stroke or spinal cord injury. By converting …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life-shattering neurological condition that affects between
250,000 and 500,000 individuals each year with an estimated two to three million people …

Abstract Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are real-time computer-based systems that
translate brain signals into useful commands. To date most applications have been …