Recent decades have seen the rapid expansion of scholarship that identifies societal
responses to past climatic fluctuations. This fast-changing scholarship, which was recently …

Historical climatology is an interdisciplinary field of research encompassing the
reconstruction of past climate and weather from written sources and artifacts, as well the …

Scholars in many disciplines have used diverse methods and sources to establish that,
between the 15th and 18th centuries, a “Little Ice Age” considerably cooled Earth's climate …

Recent advances in paleoclimatology and the growing digital availability of large historical
datasets on human activity have created new opportunities to investigate long‐term …

The Thirty Years' War, which took place from 1618 to 1648 CE, was an armed military
conflict in Europe. It resulted from the culmination of contradictions between advocates of the …

Urbanization in different regions of the world followed different spatial models. The article
presents some characteristic features of urbanization in the area of contemporary Poland …

How climate change affected past human societies has been comprehensively investigated
on a wide range of research themes in academia. This work attempts to illuminate the …

Beginning in 1580, average annual temperatures across the Arctic cooled amid the regional
onset of the'Grindelwald Fluctuation', a particularly cold but volatile period in the Little Ice …

With climate change, disaster, and conflict impacts increasingly intertwining to drive
population displacement, there is a pressing need to synthesise the confluence of what we …

This essay explores some possible connections between large scale migrations, conflict,
and climate change in Late Antiquity, focusing on the Eurasian steppe as a site of large …