BACKGROUND The interdisciplinary field of animal coloration is growing rapidly, spanning
questions about the diverse ways that animals use pigments and structures to generate …

The theory of warning signals dates back to Wallace but is still confusing, controversial and
complex. Because predator avoidance of warningly coloured prey (aposematism) is based …

Throughout their lives animals must complete many tasks, including finding food, avoiding
predators, attracting mates, and navigating through a complex and dynamic environment …

Many animals are toxic or unpalatable and signal this to predators with warning signals
(aposematism). Aposematic appearance has long been a classical system to study predator …

Organisms capable of rapid physiological colour change have become model taxa in the
study of camouflage because they are able to respond dynamically to the changes in their …

Butterflies are exceptionally diverse but their potential as an experimental system has been
limited by the difficulty of deciphering heterozygous genomes and a lack of genetic …

Disruptive coloration breaks up the shape and destroys the outline of an object, hindering
detection. The principle was first suggested approximately a century ago, but, although …

Aposematic theory has historically predicted that predators should select for warning signals
to converge on a single form, as a result of frequency‐dependent learning. However …

Animals possess a range of defensive markings to reduce the risk of predation, including
warning colours, camouflage, eyespots and mimicry. These different strategies are …

Systematic reviews and meta‐analyses often examine data from diverse taxa to identify
general patterns of effect sizes. Meta‐analyses that focus on identifying generalisations in a …