Natural language is often seen as the single factor that explains the cognitive singularity of
the human species. Instead, we propose that humans possess multiple internal languages …

Imitation and innovation work in tandem to support cultural learning in children and facilitate
our capacity for cumulative culture. Here we propose an integrated theoretical account of …

Abstract and depictive representations produced by drawing—known from Europe, Africa
and Southeast Asia after 40,000 years ago—are a prime indicator of modern cognition and …

In various cultures and at all spatial scales, humans produce a rich complexity of geometric
shapes such as lines, circles or spirals. Here, we propose that humans possess a language …

Bivalve molluscs are abundant in marine and freshwater ecosystems and perform important
ecological functions. Bivalves have epifaunal or infaunal lifestyles but are largely filter …

Molluscs comprise the second largest phylum of animals (after arthropods), occurring in
virtually all habitats. Some are commercially important, a few are pests and some carry …

The brains of modern humans differ from those of great apes in size, shape, and cortical
organization, notably in frontal lobe areas involved in complex cognitive tasks, such as …

Noam Chomsky continues to be one of the most influential intellectual figures of modern
times. His wide-ranging contributions to the fields of linguistics, psychology, philosophy and …

Definitions of our species as unique within the hominin clade have tended to focus on
differences in capacities for symbolism, language, social networking, technological …

H omo erectus is the founding early hominin species of Island Southeast Asia, and reached
Java (Indonesia) more than 1.5 million years ago,. Twelve H. erectus calvaria (skull caps) …