Animals are much better at running than robots. The difference in performance arises in the
important dimensions of agility, range, and robustness. To understand the underlying …

Mammalian skeletal muscle comprises different fiber types, whose identity is first established
during embryonic development by intrinsic myogenic control mechanisms and is later …

Background Reducing the energetic cost of running seems the most feasible path to a sub-2-
hour marathon. Footwear mass, cushioning, and bending stiffness each affect the energetic …

High-intensity horizontal decelerations occur frequently in team sports and are typically
performed to facilitate a reduction in momentum preceding a change of direction manoeuvre …

The energetic costs of different behaviours are critical in modulating the behavioural ecology
of free‐living animals. Despite this, measurement of energy expenditure in the field has …

The subpectoral diverticulum (SPD) is an extension of the respiratory system in birds that is
located between the primary muscles responsible for flap** the wing,. Here we survey the …

Human walking mechanics have long been described using an inverted pendulum analogy
(5). The body center of mass travels in an arc trajectory such that it rises and decelerates …

Robotic lower limb exoskeletons that can alter joint mechanical power output are novel tools
for studying the relationship between the mechanics and energetics of human locomotion …

The economy of running has traditionally been quantified from the mass-specific oxygen
uptake; however, because fuel substrate usage varies with exercise intensity, it is more …

We review the most comprehensive metabolic theory of life existing to date. A special focus
is given to the thermodynamic roots of this theory and to implications that the laws of physics …