This paper reviews aspects of the functional ecology of naturally established tree seedlings
in the boreal forests of North America with an emphasis on the relationship between light …

Coniferous species are present in almost all major vegetation biomes on Earth, though they
are the most abundant in the northern hemisphere, where they form the northern tree and …

This manual offers foresters information to help them understand the performance of spruce
seedlings after being planted on a reforestation site. It was written for university students …

Water availability is a key determinant of growth and distribution of individual plants as well
as vegetation. In turn, plant coverage of landscapes influences terrestrial water storage, and …

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the evolutionary and ecophysiological
responses of mountain plants to the growing season environment. The responses of …

In the alpine‐treeline ecotone of the Snowy Range in Wyoming, USA, microsite sky
exposure of Englemann spruce (Picea englemannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) …

The structure of a tree crown can be described by the spatial distribution, inclination, and
orientation of all the phytoelements (leaves, twigs, branches, trunk, etc.), and their geometric …

To examine the predictability of leaf physiology and biochemistry from light gradients within
canopies, we measured photosynthetic light-response curves, leaf mass per area (LMA) and …

We used three methods to measure boundary layer conductance to heat transfer (g bH) and
water vapor transfer (g bV) in foliated branches of Abies amabilis Dougl. ex J. Forbes, a …

The dependence of light interception efficiency on shoot structure was studied. The
silhouette areas of 258 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) shoots inclined at different angles …