In most social ungulate species, males are larger than females and the sexes live in
separate groups outside the breeding season. It is important for our understanding of the …

We reviewed the literature on sexual segregation in polygynous ungulates in an effort to
clarify terms and concepts, summarize recent information that supports or discredits three …

The forage-maturation hypothesis (FMH) states that herbivores migrate along a
phenological gradient of plant development in order to maximize energy intake. Despite …

We investigated how large carnivores, herbivores, and plants may be linked to the
maintenance of native species biodiversity through trophic cascades. The extirpation of …

Summary 1 Nutrition influences most aspects of animal ecology: juvenile growth rates and
adult mass gain, body condition, probability of pregnancy, over‐winter survival, timing of …

Trade‐offs between predation risk and forage fundamentally drive resource selection by
animals. Among migratory ungulates, trade‐offs can occur at large spatial scales through …

We applied optimal foraging theory to test effects of habitat and predation risk on foraging
behavior of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) subject to predation by mountain lions (Puma …

Rangeland management, like most disciplines of natural resource management, has been
characterized by human efforts to reduce variability and increase predictability in natural …

Seasonal patterns of climate and vegetation growth are expected to be altered by global
warming. In alpine environments, the reproduction of birds and mammals is tightly linked to …

Migration is well developed among mammals, but there has been little attempt to date to
review common ecological constraints that may guide the evolution of migration among …