Linear accelerator-based free-electron lasers (FELs) are the leading source of fully coherent
X-rays with ultra-high peak powers and ultra-short pulse lengths. Current X-ray FEL facilities …

A new scientific frontier opened in 2009 with the start of operations of the world's first x-ray
free-electron laser (FEL), the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), at SLAC National …

Intense attosecond X-ray pulses are key for ultrafast nonlinear spectroscopy and diffractive
imaging. Here we demonstrate the generation of terawatt-scale isolated attosecond pulses …

X-ray crystallography has been central to the development of many fields of science over the
past century. It has now matured to a point that as long as good-quality crystals are …

The problem of phase retrieval, ie, the recovery of a function given the magnitude of its
Fourier transform, arises in various fields of science and engineering, including electron …

Two major energy-related problems confront the world in the next 50 years. First, increased
worldwide competition for gradually depleting fossil fuel reserves (derived from past …

X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) and table-top sources of x-rays based upon high
harmonic generation (HHG) have revolutionized the field of ultrafast x-ray atomic and …

Since determination of the myoglobin structure in 1957, X-ray crystallography, as the
anchoring tool of structural biology, has played an instrumental role in deciphering the …

Molecular biology and biochemistry interpret microscopic processes in the living world in
terms of molecular structures and their interactions, which are quantum mechanical by their …

The emerging technique of serial X-ray diffraction, in which diffraction data are collected
from samples flowing across a pulsed X-ray source at repetition rates of 100 Hz or higher …