Resident microbiota do not just shape host immunity, they can also contribute to host
protection against pathogens and infectious diseases. Previous reviews of the protective …

The self–non-self theory has dominated immunology since the 1950s. In the 1990s,
Matzinger and her colleagues suggested a new, competing theory, called the “danger …

A new theory about the origins of consciousness that finds learning to be the driving force in
the evolutionary transition to basic consciousness. What marked the evolutionary transition …

All epistemic agents physically consist of parts that must somehow comprise an integrated
cognitive self. Biological individuals consist of subunits (organs, cells, and molecular …

After experiencing the SARS outbreak in 2003, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan all
invested in various techniques to mitigate future pandemics involving myriad cross-species …

Holobionts, consisting of a host and diverse microbial symbionts, function as distinct
biological entities anatomically, metabolically, immunologically, and developmentally …

It is now widely accepted that microorganisms play many important roles in the lives of
plants and animals. Every macroorganism has been shaped in some way by …

Microbes and microbiology are seldom encountered in philosophical accounts of the life
sciences. Although microbiology is a well-established science and microbes the basis of life …

Is the mammalian embryo/fetus a part of the organism that gestates it? According to the
containment view, the fetus is not a part of, but merely contained within or surrounded by, the …

Until quite recently and since the late 19th century, medical microbiology has been based on
the assumption that some micro-organisms are pathogens and others are not. This binary …