There are two types of electron bifurcation (EB), either quinone-or flavin-based
(QBEB/FBEB), that involve reduction of a quinone or flavin by a two-electron transfer and two …

Flavin-based electron bifurcation is a newly discovered mechanism, by which a hydride
electron pair from NAD (P) H, coenzyme F420H2, H2, or formate is split by flavoproteins into …

Electron bifurcation is a fundamental energy coupling mechanism widespread in
microorganisms that thrive under anoxic conditions. These organisms employ hydrogen to …

The biological reduction of dinitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) by nitrogenase is an
energetically demanding reaction that requires low-potential electrons and ATP; however …

The origin and early evolution of photosynthesis are reviewed from an ecophysiological
perspective. Earth's first ecosystems were chemotrophic, fueled by geological H2 at …

Autotrophic theories for the origin of metabolism posit that the first cells satisfied their carbon
needs from CO2 and were chemolithoautotrophs that obtained their energy and electrons …

Anaerobic bacteria ferment carbohydrates and amino acids to obtain energy for growth. Due
to the absence of oxygen and other inorganic electron acceptors, the substrate of a …

A decade ago, a novel mechanism to drive thermodynamically unfavorable redox reactions
was discovered that is used in prokaryotes to drive endergonic electron transfer reactions by …

Anaerobic microorganisms use flavin/quinone-based electronic bifurcation (EB) to gain a
survival advantage at the thermodynamic limits. However, the contribution of EB to …

Electron bifurcation enables thermodynamically unfavorable biochemical reactions. Four
groups of bifurcating flavoenzyme are known and three use FAD to bifurcate. FeFe-HydABC …