Complications of portal hypertension, including ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatic
hydrothorax, and hepatic encephalopathy, are associated with significant morbidity and …

The human gut microbiome impacts human brain health in numerous ways:(1) Structural
bacterial components such as lipopolysaccharides provide low-grade tonic stimulation of the …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is cerebral dysfunction caused by liver failure and inflicts 30-
40% of patients with liver cirrhosis during their disease course. Clinically manifest HE is …

A facilitative transport system exists on the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that has been tacitly
assumed to be a path for glutamate entry to the brain. However, glutamate is a non-essential …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a decline in brain function arising due to liver insufficiency.
The liver's diminished capacity to clear ammonia, and the subsequent accumulation of it, is …

Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a cytosolic enzyme that produces glutamine, the most
abundant free amino acid in the human body. Glutamine is a major substrate for various …

Sarcopenia has been linked to oncologic and chronic diseases such as liver cirrhosis. In
fact, sarcopenia is present in 25–70% of patients with liver cirrhosis. Furthermore …

Malnutrition is associated with alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and related complications such
as hepatic encephalopathy and increased rate of infections. Avoidance of prolonged fasting …

l-Glutamine (GLN) is a conditionally essential amino acid which supports gastrointestinal
(GI) and immune function prior to catabolic stress (eg, strenuous exercise). Despite potential …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) occurs in 20–50% of patients after transjugular intrahepatic
portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement. Older age, HE history and severe liver failure have all …