Developmental plasticity describes situations where a specific input during an individual's
development produces a lasting alteration in phenotype. Some instances of developmental …

Swans, geese and some ducks (A natidae) are obligate herbivores, many are important
quarry species and all contribute to a variety of ecosystem services. Population growth and …

The essential textbook on agent-based modeling—now fully updated and expanded Agent-
Based and Individual-Based Modeling has become the standard textbook on the subject for …

It is argued that the problem of pattern and scale is the central problem in ecology, unifying
population biology and ecosystems science, and marrying basic and applied ecology …

Individual-based models are an exciting and widely used new tool for ecology. These
computational models allow scientists to explore the mechanisms through which population …

This paper tests the proposition that a small set of plant, animal, and abiotic processes
structure ecosystems across scales in time and space. Earlier studies have suggested that …

To study animal welfare empirically we need an objective basis for deciding when an animal
is suffering. Suffering includes a wide range ofunpleasant emotional states such as fear …

Trophic cascades are regarded as important signals for top‐down control of food web
dynamics. Although there is clear evidence supporting the existence of trophic cascades, the …

Models of Adaptive Behaviour sets out a framework for adaptive explanations of behaviour,
and applies this to give analyses of a range of biological issues such as energetic gain …

To understand modern principles of sustainable management and the conservation of
wildlife species requires intimate knowledge about demography, animal behavior, and …