It is accepted that most fungal avirulence genes encode virulence factors that are called
effectors. Most fungal effectors are secreted, cysteine-rich proteins, and a role in virulence …

Trichoderma species are opportunistic fungi residing primarily in soil, tree bark and on wild
mushrooms. Trichoderma is capable of killing other fungi and penetrating plant roots, and is …

Typically, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are considered to be conserved
throughout classes of microbes and to contribute to general microbial fitness, whereas …

Fungi are of primary ecological, biotechnological and economic importance. Many
fundamental biological processes that are shared by animals and fungi are studied in fungi …

The pioneering research of Harold Flor on flax and the flax rust fungus culminated in his
gene‐for‐gene hypothesis. It took nearly 50 years before the first fungal avirulence (Avr) …

Background The white mold fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating necrotrophic
plant pathogen with a remarkably broad host range. The interaction of necrotrophs with their …

Fungi are ideal model organisms for dissecting the genomic bases of adaptive divergence in
eukaryotes. They have simple morphologies and small genomes, occupy contrasting, well …

During tomato leaf colonization, the biotrophic fungus Cladosporium fulvum secretes several
effector proteins into the apoplast. Eight effectors have previously been characterized and …

The relationship between aphids and their host plants is thought to be functionally
analogous to plant− pathogen interactions. Although virulence effector proteins that mediate …

Many necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungi belonging to the class of Dothideomycetes
produce phytotoxic metabolites and peptides that are usually required for pathogenicity …