Background In this era of imagination and technological innovation, mixed reality systems
such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are contributing to a wide array of …

Background: Over years, surgical training is changing and years of tradition are being
challenged by legal and ethical concerns for patient safety, work hour restrictions, and the …

Until very recently, we considered Virtual Reality as something that was very close, but it
was still science fiction. However, today Virtual Reality is being integrated into many different …

BACKGROUND: A virtual reality neurosurgery simulator with haptic feedback may help in
the training and assessment of technical skills requiring the use of tactile and visual cues …

Force haptic reappearance technology is considered to be one of the top ten technologies
that can change human life in the future. It has broad application prospects and market …

BACKGROUND: Computer-based surgical simulators create a no-risk virtual environment
where surgeons can develop and refine skills through harmless repetition. These …

OBJECTIVE: Mastery of the neurosurgical skill set involves many hours of supervised
intraoperative training. Convergence of political, economic, and social forces has limited …

Background Technical skills training in neurosurgery is mostly done in the operating room.
New educational paradigms are encouraging the development of novel training methods for …

An ideal hand prosthesis should provide satisfying functionality based on reliable decoding
of the user's intentions and deliver tactile feedback in a natural manner. The absence of …

Introduction Virtual reality simulation is a promising alternative to training surgical residents
outside the operating room. It is also a useful aide to anatomic study, residency training …