The traditional method of biodiesel synthesis is costly on industrial scale. Hence,
heterogeneous catalysis is crucial in minimizing end-product costs thanks to high durability …

The growing concern over the dependency on fossil fuel has prompted the cost of energy
supply to the high extent. Widespread application of fossil fuel in transportation and …

The sustainability of petroleum-based fuel supply has gained broad attention from the global
community due to the increase of usage in various sectors, depletion of petroleum …

This research aims to discuss the utilization of crude palm oil (CPO) and by-products
obtained from palm oil waste materials as biomaterials for green construction material …

Dependence on fossil fuels for meeting the growing energy demand is damaging the world's
environment. There is a dire need to look for alternative fuels that are less potent to …

The possible scarcity of oil and gas resources in the future (whether in quantity or areas of
availability) is a major concern throughout the world. For this reason, governments all over …

Bioenergy deployment offers significant potential for climate change mitigation, but also
carries considerable risks. In this review, we bring together perspectives of various …

Malaysia is among the top most important palm oil producers in the world. The country is
experiencing a robust development in new oil palm plantations and palm oil mills. This …

Biodiesel is a long-chain fatty acid ester made from renewed and biological raw materials
such as used cooking, animal fat, vegetable oil, and algae. Biodiesel is a renewable and …

Biodiesel has gained the forefront of our focus on renewable transportation fuels. This article
provides a comprehensive review on the sources used as feedstock and their classification …