The molecular mechanisms of cellular insulin action have been the focus of much
investigation since the discovery of the hormone 100 years ago. Insulin action is impaired in …

Akt is a serine/threonine kinase and it participates in the key role of the PI3K signaling
pathway. The Akt can be activated by a wide range of growth signals and the biochemical …

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that gets inputs from
the amino acids, nutrients, growth factor, and environmental cues to regulate varieties of …

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive type of primary brain tumor and is
associated with a poor clinical prognosis. Despite the progress in the understanding of the …

Introduction: Targeted therapies in cancer aim to inhibit specific molecular targets
responsible for enhanced tumor growth. AKT/PKB (protein kinase B) is a serine threonine …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a central regulator of immunity. Due to its dominant pro-
inflammatory effects, drugs that neutralize TNF were developed and are clinically used to …

Diabetes mellitus-related cardiomyopathy (DMCMP) was originally described as a dilated
phenotype with eccentric left ventricular (LV) remodelling and systolic LV dysfunction …

Phosphoinositides (PIs) make up only a small fraction of cellular phospholipids, yet they
control almost all aspects of a cell's life and death. These lipids gained tremendous research …

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway integrates both intracellular
and extracellular signals and serves as a central regulator of cell metabolism, growth …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS, eg nitric oxide, NO) are
well recognised for playing a dual role as both deleterious and beneficial species. ROS and …