Photosynthesis is central to life on Earth, employing sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to
produce chemical energy and oxygen. It is generally accepted that boosting its efficiency …

Plastids communicate their developmental and physiological status to the nucleus via
retrograde signaling, allowing nuclear gene expression to be adjusted appropriately …

Highlights•Endosymbiotic theory explains why organelles resemble free-living
bacteria.•Gene trees are well-suited to testing endosymbiotic theory, but not to replacing …

Mitochondrial and plastid genomes show a wide array of architectures, varying immensely in
size, structure, and content. Some organelle DNAs have even developed elaborate …

Chloroplasts arose from cyanobacteria, mitochondria arose from proteobacteria. Both
organelles have conserved their prokaryotic biochemistry, but their genomes are reduced …

The natural transfer of DNA from mitochondria to the nucleus generates nuclear copies of
mitochondrial DNA (numts) and is an ongoing evolutionary process, as genome sequences …

The term retrograde signaling refers to the fact that chloroplasts and mitochondria utilize
specific signaling molecules to convey information on their developmental and physiological …

Chloroplast genomes have retained a core set of genes from their cyanobacterial ancestor,
most of them required for the light reactions of photosynthesis or functions connected with …

Chloroplasts are cytoplasmic organelles and the sites of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells.
Advances in structural biology and comparative genomics allow us to identify individual …

In legume nodules, symbiosomes containing endosymbiotic rhizobial bacteria act as
temporary plant organelles that are responsible for nitrogen fixation, these bacteria develop …