This manuscript gives an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the effects of energetic
particle precipitation (EPP) onto the whole atmosphere, from the lower thermosphere …

Abstract Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) are an important component of Space Weather,
including radiation hazard to humans and electronic equipment, and the ionisation of the …

The Solar MAgnetic Connection HAUS tool (Solar-MACH) is an open-source tool completely
written in Python that derives and visualizes the spatial configuration and solar magnetic …

After decades of observations of solar energetic particles from space-based observatories,
relevant questions on particle injection, transport, and acceleration remain open. To address …

Solar cycle 23 witnessed the most complete set of observations of coronal mass ejections
(CMEs) associated with the Ground Level Enhancement (GLE) events. We present an …

The differential energy spectrum of galactic cosmic rays near Earth is often parameterized by
the force field model with the only time‐dependent parameter, the modulation potential ϕ …

A new reconstruction of the heliospheric modulation potential for galactic cosmic rays is
presented for the neutron monitor era, since 1951. The new reconstruction is based on an …

The first ground-level enhancement of the current Solar Cycle 25 occurred on 28 October
2021. It was observed by several space-borne and ground-based instruments, specifically …

Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)-based global space weather models have mostly been
developed and maintained at academic institutions. While the “free spirit” approach of …

Ionizing radiation is a ubiquitous feature of the Cosmos, from exogenous cosmic rays (CR)
to the intrinsic mineral radioactivity of a habitable world, and its influences on the emergence …