Background: While several publications have focused on the intuitive role of augmented
reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) in neurosurgical planning, the aim of this review was to …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) printing enables the production of anatomically matched
and patient-specific devices and constructs with high tunability and complexity. It also allows …

Until very recently, we considered Virtual Reality as something that was very close, but it
was still science fiction. However, today Virtual Reality is being integrated into many different …

Purpose In an era of residency duty-hour restrictions, there has been a recent effort to
implement simulation-based training methods in neurosurgery teaching institutions. Several …

Objective The use of 3-dimensional (3D) printing in medicine has rapidly expanded in recent
years as the technology has developed. The potential uses of 3D printing are manifold. This …

Virtual Reality is becoming widespread in our society within very different areas, from
industry to entertainment. It has many advantages in education as well, since it allows …

We present Haptic Links, electro-mechanically actuated physical connections capable of
rendering variable stiffness between two commodity handheld virtual reality (VR) controllers …

Background In this era of imagination and technological innovation, mixed reality systems
such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are contributing to a wide array of …

OBJECTIVE Recent advances in optics and miniaturization have enabled the development
of a growing number of minimally invasive procedures, yet innovative training methods for …

Haptic interfaces can recreate the experience of touch and are necessary to improve human–
robot interactions. However, at present, haptic interfaces are either electromechanical …