Immune-checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 have already substantially improved
the outcomes of patients with many types of cancer, although only 20–40% of patients derive …

Importance Bladder cancer is a common malignancy in women and is the fourth most
common malignancy in men. Bladder cancer ranges from unaggressive and usually …

Background Patients with renal-cell carcinoma who undergo nephrectomy have no options
for adjuvant therapy to reduce the risk of recurrence that have high levels of supporting …

Bladder cancer accounts for nearly 170,000 deaths worldwide annually. For over 4 decades,
the systemic management of muscle‐invasive and advanced bladder cancer has primarily …

Summary Background PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors are active in metastatic urothelial
carcinoma, but positive randomised data supporting their use as a first-line treatment are …

Tumours employ various tactics to adapt and eventually resist immune attack. These
mechanisms are collectively called adaptive immune resistance (AIR). The first defined and …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are considered a new standard-of-care across many
cancer indications. This review provides an update on ICIs approved by the Food and Drug …

Cancer is associated with higher morbidity and mortality and is the second leading cause of
death in the US. Further, in some nations, cancer has overtaken heart disease as the …

Expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is frequently observed in human
cancers. Binding of PD-L1 to its receptor PD-1 on activated T cells inhibits anti-tumor …

Bladder cancer is a global health issue with sex differences in incidence and prognosis.
Bladder cancer has distinct molecular subtypes with multiple pathogenic pathways …