Animals experience varying levels of predation risk as they navigate heterogeneous
landscapes, and behavioral responses to perceived risk can structure ecosystems. The …

Understanding the ways in which individuals cope with threats, respond to challenges, make
use of opportunities and mediate the harmful effects of their surroundings is important for …

Diet selection is a fundamental aspect of animal behavior with numerous ecological and
evolutionary implications. While the underlying mechanisms are complex, the availability of …

Scatter‐hoarding small mammals act as both seed predators and seed dispersers in forest
ecosystems. Their choices regarding consuming or caching seeds must balance the risk of …

Predation is a major selective pressure for prey; however, the stress response to predation
risk and the relative importance of natural versus anthropogenic stress factors in wild …

Elk (Cervus elaphus) in the western United States are an economically and socially valuable
wildlife species. They have featured species status for federal land management planning; …

Small mammals are key scatter hoarders in forest ecosystems, acting as both seed
predators and dispersers. The outcome of their interactions (ie, predation vs. dispersal) is …

Urbanization is considered the fastest growing form of global land‐use change and can
dramatically modify habitat structure and ecosystem functioning. While ecological processes …

Highlights•Since its origins, agriculture as practiced seems to create pests from
herbivores.•Three examples illustrate how early and modern farming led to the emergence …

A crucial element in the “the landscape of fear” concept is that prey animals are aware of
varying levels of predation risk at a spatial scale. This often leads to a negative spatial …