Childhood socio-economic status (SES), a measure of the availability of material and social
resources, is one of the strongest predictors of lifelong well-being. Here we review evidence …

Background Chronic and/or extreme stress in early life, often referred to as early adversity,
childhood trauma, or early life stress, has been associated with a wide range of adverse …

An extensive literature on childhood adversity and neurodevelopment has emerged over the
past decade. We evaluate two conceptual models of adversity and neurodevelopment—the …

Early life adversity (ELA) is a major risk factor for mental illness, but the neurobiological
mechanisms by which ELA increases the risk for future psychopathology are still poorly …

Discovering the processes through which early adverse experiences affect children's
nervous-system development, health, and behavior is critically important for develo** …

Several mental illnesses, characterized by aberrant stress reactivity, often arise after early-
life adversity (ELA). However, it is unclear how ELA affects stress-related brain circuit …

Exposure to stress during critical periods in development can have severe long-term
consequences, increasing overall risk on psychopathology. One of the key stress response …

Susceptibility and resilience to stress depend on 1) the timing of the exposure with respect to
development, 2) the time across the life span at which effects are measured, and 3) the …

Sex differences in stress responses can be found at all stages of life and are related to both
the organizational and activational effects of gonadal hormones and to genes on the sex …

A growing body of research has examined the impact of childhood adversity on neural
structure and function. Advances in our understanding of the neurodevelopmental …