Cigarette smoking has been associated with both the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV)
and a vaginal microbiota lacking protective Lactobacillus spp. As the mechanism linking …

Background No prospective cohort study of high-risk children has used rigorous exposure
assessment and optimal diagnostic procedures to examine the perinatal antecedents of …

Population exposure to environmental contaminants can be precisely observed through
human biomonitoring studies. The present study aimed to systematically review all the …

The present study aimed to provide a systematic review of studies on the prevalence of
secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in the Iran population as a serious indoor health …

Background The level of urine cotinine is an indicator of tobacco smoke exposure. The
purpose of this study is to investigate urine cotinine for the purpose of assessing the …

Background To examine whether exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) during the
periconceptional period among nonsmoking women is associated with an increased risk for …

Background Exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy, whether as active smoking or by
exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS), is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes …

Objective To compare the pregnancy outcome and cord blood cotinine levels between
secondhand smokers and non-secondhand smokers. Study design This was a cross …

Background Exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy leads to several adverse effects
on mother and child. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of being a passive …

Background Outcomes related to maternal smoked tobacco (cigarette) use have been
substantially examined over the past 50 years with resultant public health education …