We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the
1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the …

The term space weather refers to conditions on the Sun and in the solar wind,
magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere that can influence the performance and …

The search for life in the Universe is a fundamental problem of astrobiology and modern
science. The current progress in the detection of terrestrial-type exoplanets has opened a …

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are routinely identified in the images of the solar corona
obtained by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) mission's Large Angle and …

The solar flare on 1 September 1859 and its associated geomagnetic storm remain the
standard for an extreme solar-terrestrial event. The most recent estimates of the flare soft X …

Abstract Space weather refers to dynamic conditions on the Sun and in the space
environment of the Earth, which are often driven by solar eruptions and their subsequent …

The Sun, as an active star, is the driver of energetic phenomena that structure interplanetary
space and affect planetary atmospheres. The effects of Space Weather on Earth and the …

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are the most important drivers of various types of space
weather disturbance. Here we report a newly developed magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) …

We studied the geoeffectiveness, speed, solar source, and flare association of a set of 378
halo coronal mass ejections (CMEs) of cycle 23 (1996–2005, inclusive). We compiled the …

A significant number of interplanetary shocks (∼ 17%) during cycle 23 were not followed by
drivers. The number of such “driverless” shocks steadily increased with the solar cycle with …