Simple and complex carbohydrates (glycans) have long been known to play major
metabolic, structural and physical roles in biological systems. Targeted microbial binding to …

Background The aim of this study is to describe the major evolutionary historical events
among Leishmania, sandflies, and the associated animal reservoirs in detail, in accordance …

Blood-sucking arthropods transmit a variety of human pathogens acting as disseminators of
the so-called vector-borne diseases. Leishmaniasis is a spectrum of diseases caused by …

Phlebotomines are the sole or principal vectors of Leishmania, Bartonella bacilliformis, and
some arboviruses. The coevolution of sand flies with Leishmania species of mammals and …

A thorough understanding of the transmission mechanism of any infectious agent is crucial
to implementing an effective intervention strategy. Here, our current understanding of the …

Leishmaniases are vector-borne parasitic diseases with 0.9–1.4 million new human cases
each year worldwide. In the vectorial part of the life-cycle, Leishmania development is …

Galectins, which were first characterized in the mid-1970s, were assigned a role in the
recognition of endogenous ('self') carbohydrate ligands in embryogenesis, development and …

The complicated interactions between Leishmania and the host antigen-presenting cells
(APCs) have fundamental effects on the final outcome of the disease. Two major APCs …

Leishmania parasites need phlebotomine sand flies to complete their life cycle and to
propagate. This review looks at Leishmania–sand fly interactions as the parasites develop …

Insects, which lack the adaptive immune system, have developed sophisticated innate
immune system consisting of humoral and cellular immune responses to defend against …