Brain imaging has a crucial role in the presurgical assessment of patients with epilepsy.
Structural imaging reveals most cerebral lesions underlying focal epilepsy. Advances in MRI …

Introduction: Historically, most studies about awake brain surgery have focused on language
or motor functions. More recently, other cognitive functions have also been assessed …

Objective. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) induces an electric field (E-field) in the
cortex. To facilitate stimulation targeting, image-guided neuronavigation systems have been …

The application of electrical stimulation map** (ESM) of the brain for clinical use is
approximating a century. Despite this long-standing history, the value of ESM for guiding …

The surgical removal of brain tumours in so-called eloquent regions is frequently associated
with a high risk of causing disabling postoperative deficits. Among the preoperative …

The objective of this systematic review is to create an overview of the literature on the
comparison of navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) as a map** tool to the …

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques, such as direct current stimulation (tDCS)
and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), cause neurophysiological and …

OBJECTIVE Awake surgery combined with intraoperative direct electrical stimulation (DES)
and intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) is considered the gold standard for the resection …

Objectives Awake surgery and intraoperative monitoring represent the gold standard for
surgery of brain tumors located in the perisylvian region of the dominant hemisphere due to …

Purpose To compare functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for language map**
(hereafter, language functional MR imaging) with direct cortical stimulation (DCS) in patients …