Abstract The Neoproterozoic era (about 1,000 to 542 million years ago) was a time of
turbulent environmental change. Large fluctuations in the carbon cycle were associated with …

Eukaryotic organisms radiated in Proterozoic oceans with oxygenated surface waters, but,
commonly, anoxia at depth. Exceptionally preserved fossils of red algae favor crown group …

Geological evidence indicates that grounded ice sheets reached sea level at all latitudes
during two long-lived Cryogenian (58 and≥ 5 My) glaciations. Combined uranium-lead and …

Although macroscopic plants, animals, and fungi are the most familiar eukaryotes, the bulk
of eukaryotic diversity is microbial. Elucidating the timing of diversification among the more …

The reconstruction of oceanic paleoredox conditions on Earth is essential for investigating
links between biospheric oxygenation and major periods of biological innovation and …

Construction and assembly of the Geologic Time Scale involves:(a) constructing a relative
(chronostratigraphic) standard scale for key periods in the Earth's rock record;(b) identifying …

The chemical composition of the ocean changed markedly with the oxidation of the Earth's
surface, and this process has profoundly influenced the evolutionary and ecological history …

Chemostratigraphy has diverse applications to investigating the rock record, such as
reconstructing paleoenvironments, determining the tectonic setting of sedimentary basins …

Simple multicellularity has evolved numerous times within the Eukarya, but complex
multicellular organisms belong to only six clades: animals, embryophytic land plants …

The evolution of Earth's biota is intimately linked to the oxygenation of the oceans and
atmosphere. We use the isotopic composition and concentration of molybdenum (Mo) in …