Antimicrobial pharmaceuticals are classified as emergent micropollutants of concern,
implying that even at low concentrations, long-term exposure to the environment can have …

The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria has been a
rising problem for public health in recent decades. It is becoming increasingly recognized …

Plasmids mediate the horizontal transmission of genetic information between bacteria,
facilitating their adaptation to multiple environmental conditions. An especially important …

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are significant source of antibiotic resistant bacteria
(ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which can spread further in the environment …

Horizontal gene transfer plays a major role in microbial evolution, allowing microbes to
acquire new genes and phenotypes. Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs, aka …

In this review an overview is given on antibiotic resistance (AR) mechanisms with special
attentions to the AR genes described so far preceded by a short introduction on the …

Mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as plasmids and integrative and conjugative
elements (ICEs), are main drivers for the spread of antibiotic resistance (AR). Coevolution …

Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem which threatens modern healthcare globally.
Resistance has traditionally been viewed as a clinical problem, but recently non-clinical …

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays an important role in the evolution of life on the Earth.
This view is supported by numerous occasions of HGT that are recorded in the genomes of …

Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are a diverse group of mobile genetic elements
found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These elements primarily reside in …