Eastern Africa exhibits bimodal rainfall consisting of long rains (March–May) and short rains
(October–December), changes in which have profound socioeconomic and environmental …

Heatwaves constitute a major threat to human health and ecosystems. Projected increases
in heatwave frequency and severity thus lead to the need for prediction to enhance …

Compound droughts and hot events or extremes (CDHEs) may lead to larger repercussions
than do individual extremes. Due to the disastrous impacts and increased risk of these …

Extreme events such as heat waves and cold spells, droughts, heavy rain, and storms are
particularly challenging to predict accurately due to their rarity and chaotic nature, and …

The stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and the tropospheric Madden–Julian
oscillation (MJO) are strongly linked in boreal winter. In this Review, we synthesize …

Adaptation to future sea-level rise is based on projections of continuously improving climate
models. These projections are accompanied by inherent uncertainties, including those due …

In spite of the chaotic nature of the atmosphere and involvement of complex nonlinear
dynamics, forecasting climate fluctuations over different timescales is feasible due to the …

Accurate prediction of global land monsoon rainfall on a sub-seasonal (2–8 weeks) time
scale has become a worldwide demand. Current forecasts of weekly-mean rainfall in most …

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the strongest interannual climate variability with far-
reaching socioeconomic consequences. Many studies have investigated ENSO-projected …

Climate variability and weather phenomena can cause extremes and pose significant risk to
society and ecosystems, making continued advances in our physical understanding of such …