The L-type Cav1. 2 calcium channel is present throughout the animal kingdom and is
essential for some aspects of CNS function, cardiac and smooth muscle contractility …

Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in most developed
countries of the world. Pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, and toxins can significantly contribute to …

L‐type calcium channels (Cav1) represent one of the three major classes (Cav1–3) of
voltage‐gated calcium channels. They were identified as the target of clinically used calcium …

Each heartbeat is initiated by the action potential, an electrical signal that depolarizes the
plasma membrane and activates a cycle of calcium influx via voltage-gated calcium …

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract displays multiple motor patterns that move nutrients and
wastes through the body. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) provide the forces necessary for GI …

3', 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) mediates the effects of sympathetic
stimulation on the rate and strength of cardiac contraction. Beyond this pivotal role, in …

Heart failure (HF) is a multifactorial disorder and is usually the end stage of many
cardiovascular diseases (CVD). HF presents one of the highest morbidity and mortality …

Endothelial cell dysfunction, characterized by a diminished response to endothelial cell–
dependent vasodilators, is a hallmark of hypertension. TRPV4 channels play a major role in …

Second messenger responses rely on where and when the enzymes that propagate these
signals become active. Spatial and temporal organization of certain signaling enzymes is …

In the heart, Ca2+ influx via CaV1. 2 L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) is a multi-functional
signal that triggers muscle contraction, controls action potential duration, and regulates gene …