Viral infectious diseases threaten human health and global stability. Several vaccine
platforms, such as DNA, mRNA, recombinant viral vectors, and virus-like particle-based …

Currently available vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2
(SARS-CoV-2) are highly effective but not able to keep the coronavirus disease 2019 …

Electrostatic intermolecular interactions are important in many aspects of biology. We have
studied the main electrostatic features involved in the interaction of the receptor-binding …

Designing and producing an effective vaccine is the best possible way to reduce the burden
and spread of a disease. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many …

Immunization has the potential to become a viable weapon for the upcoming pandemic and
save millions of lives, while also dramatically lowering the high mortality rate brought on by a …

After two years since the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic by the World Health
Organization (WHO), more than six million deaths have occurred due to SARS-CoV-2 …

Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative pathway in vaccine research and
delivery. Nanovaccines, encompassing lipid and nonlipid formulations, exhibit considerable …

The deadly viruses, which are spreading worldwide at an alarming rate, are a major
challenge for the life sciences. More efficient and cost-effective methods with fewer side …

ABSTRACT Viral protein nanoparticles (ViP NPs) such as virus-like particles and virosomes
are structures halfway between viruses and synthetic nanoparticles. The biological nature of …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membranous particles secreted by cells. EVs
have been classified into subpopulations according to their presumed biogenesis pathway …