Highlights•ROS production is strictly regulated and integrated with other signaling networks
in plants.•Calcium has a critical role in ROS signaling and the control of ROS production.• …

Interorganellar cooperation maintained via exquisitely controlled retrograde-signaling
pathways is an evolutionary necessity for maintenance of cellular homeostasis. This …

Concentrations of ground‐level ozone ([O3]) over much of the Earth's land surface have
more than doubled since pre‐industrial times. The air pollutant is highly variable over time …

The transient elevation of cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+] cyt) induced by cold
stress is a well‐established phenomenon; however, the underlying mechanism remains …

Abstract Calcium (Ca2+) is a second messenger in plants growth and development, as well
as in stress responses. The transient elevation in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration have been …

Reduction/oxidation (redox) metabolism and associated signaling are key components of
cross tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Climate change factors such as …

Exposure of plants to high ozone concentrations causes lesion formation in sensitive plants.
Plant responses to ozone involve fast and massive changes in protein activities, gene …

Plant growth regulators have an important role in various developmental processes during
the life cycle of plants. They are involved in abiotic stress responses and tolerance. They …

Significance: Reactive oxygen species (ROS), important signaling molecules in plants, are
involved in developmental control and stress adaptation. ROS production can trigger broad …

The response of plants to the stress caused by herbivores involves several different defence
mechanisms. These responses begin at the plant cell plasma membrane, where insect …